Epistemology: A Contemporary Introduction to the Theory of Knowledge, Third Edition (Routledge Contemporary Introductions to Philosophy)

Contents Preface to the first edition xiii Acknowledgments to the first edition xvi Preface to the second edition xviii Acknowledgments to the second edition xx Preface to the third edition xxi Acknowledgments to the third edition xxii Introduction: a sketch of the sources and nature of belief, justification, and knowledge 1 Perception, belief, and justification 1 Justification as process, as status, and as property 2 Knowledge and justification 4 Memory, introspection, and self-consciousness 5 Reason and rational reflection 5 Testimony 6 Basic sources of belief, justification, and knowledge 6 Three kinds of grounds of belief 7 Fallibility and skepticism 8 Overview 9 Part One Sources of justification, knowledge, and truth 13 1 Perception: sensing, believing, and knowing 16 The elements and basic kinds of perception 17 Seeing and believing 22 Perceptual justification and perceptual knowledge 26 Notes 31 x Contents 2 Theories of perception: sense experience, appearances, and reality 38 Some commonsense views of perception 38 The theory of appearing 40 Sense-datum theories of perception 41 Adverbial theories of perception 47 Adverbial and sense-datum theories of sensory experience 49 Phenomenalism 51 Perception and the senses 55 Notes 59 3 Memory: the preservation and reconstruction of the past 62 Memory and the past 63 The causal basis of memory beliefs 64 Theories of memory 66 Remembering, recalling, and imaging 72 Remembering, imaging, and recognition 74 The epistemological centrality of memory 75 Notes 79 4 Consciousness: the life of the mind 84 Two basic kinds of mental properties 84 Introspection and inward vision 86 Some theories of introspective consciousness 87 Consciousness and privileged access 91 Introspective consciousness as a source of justification and knowledge 96 Notes 100 5 Reason I: understanding, insight, and intellectual power 104 Self-evident truths of reason 104 The classical view of the truths of reason 107 The empiricist view of the truths of reason 116 Notes 121 6 Reason II: meaning, necessity, and provability 130 The conventionalist view of the truths of reason 130 Some difficulties and strengths of the classical view 133 Reason, experience, and a priori justification 138 Notes 145 7 Testimony: the social foundation of knowledge 150 The nature of testimony: formal and informal 150 The psychology of testimony 151 Contents xi The epistemology of testimony 155 The indispensability of testimonial grounds 161 Notes 167 Part Two The structure and growth of justification and knowledge 173 8 Inference and the extension of knowledge 176 The …